Schizophrenia is a complex and chronic mental disorder characterized by a profound disruption in cognition and emotion, affecting language, thought, perception, and sense of self. It typically manifests in early adulthood, although it can emerge at any age. Schizophrenia was historically categorized into subtypes based on predominant symptoms, such as paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types. However, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has moved away from this classification system in favor of a dimensional approach that focuses on the severity and duration of symptoms. While schizophrenia typically emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood, there are cases of late-onset schizophrenia, which can occur in middle age or later. Childhood-onset schizophrenia is rare but possible, with symptoms appearing before the age of 13.

Schizophrenia is a chronic condition with a variable course. Some individuals may experience periods of remission where symptoms are minimal or absent, while others may have persistent symptoms. With proper treatment and support, many people with schizophrenia can lead fulfilling lives, but the condition can also lead to significant disability in some cases. Managing schizophrenia can be challenging, as finding the right medication and dosage can take time, and some individuals may experience side effects that impact their quality of life. Additionally, ensuring access to comprehensive care, including therapy and support services, can be difficult for some patients due to various barriers, including socioeconomic factors. Schizophrenia is a complex and multifaceted disorder that requires a holistic approach to treatment and support, addressing both the symptoms of the illness and the individual's broader needs and circumstances.